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How surveillance changes people’s behavior. Do people behave differently when they think they are being watched? When former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden revealed the mass surveillance of American citizens in June 2. Can the behavior of an entire population, even in a modern democracy, be changed by awareness of surveillance? And what are the effects of other kinds of privacy invasions? Jon Penney was nearing the end of a fellowship at Harvard Law School’s Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society in 2.

Snowden’s disclosures presented an opportunity to study their effect on Americans’ online behavior. During research at Oxford the following year, Penney documented a sudden decline in Wikipedia searches for certain terrorism- related keywords: Al Qaeda, Hezbollah, dirty bomb, chemical weapon, and jihad, for example. More than a year later, when the study ended, such searches were still declining. If democratic self- governance relies on an informed citizenry, Penney wrote, then “surveillance- related chilling effects,” by “deterring people from exercising their rights,” including “. China bases its surveillance on this fact. It wants people to self- censor, because it knows it can’t stop everybody. The idea is that if you don’t know where the line is, and the penalty for crossing it is severe, you will stay far away from it.

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Basic human conditioning.” The effectiveness of surveillance at preventing crime or terrorism can be debated, but “if your goal is to control a population,” Schneier says, “mass surveillance is awesome.” That’s a problem, he continues, because “privacy is necessary for human progress. A few years ago we approved gay marriage in all 5. That went from . And this is a long process that needs privacy to happen.”As a growing share of human interactions—social, political, and economic—are committed to the digital realm, privacy and security as values and as rights have risen in importance. When someone says, “My life is on my phone,” it’s meant almost literally: photos, passwords, texts, emails, music, address books, documents.

It is not hard to imagine that the Declaration of Independence, redrafted for an information society, might well include “security and privacy,” in addition to the familiar “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,” among its examples of “unalienable rights.”Although Snowden highlighted government surveillance, it may not be the worst problem. Corporations hold vast and growing troves of personal information that is often inadequately protected, its use largely unregulated. Since 2. 00. 5, hackers have stolen hundreds of millions of credit- card numbers from major retailers such as Target, Home Depot, TJX, and e. Bay. In 2. 01. 4, someone stole the keys to half a billion Yahoo accounts without being detected.

And everyday threats to privacy are so commonplace that most people are numb to them. In exchange for free email, consumers allow companies such as Google to scan the content of their digital messages in order to deliver targeted ads. Users of social media, eager to keep in touch with a circle of friends, rarely read the standard agreement that governs the rights and use of what they post online. Smartphones know their owners’ habits better than they themselves do: where and with whom they sleep, what time they wake up, whom they meet, and where they have been.

People accept such tradeoffs in exchange for convenience. They don’t really have a choice. Bemis professor of international law and of computer science Jonathan Zittrain, faculty chair of the Berkman Klein Center, worries that the ubiquity of privacy threats has led to apathy. When a hacker released former Secretary of State Colin Powell’s private assessments of the two leading presidential candidates prior to the recent election, “I was surprised at how little sympathy there was for his situation, how it was treated as any other document dump,” Zittrain explains. It’s all just seen as. Now everyone is vulnerable. Necessarily, the search for solutions is equally broad- based.

In Washington, D. C., Marc Rotenberg ’8. Electronic Privacy and Information Center (EPIC), seeks legal solutions to privacy problems (see page 6. At Harvard, research into privacy and security is focused at the Berkman Klein Center; at the Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences’ Center for Research on Computation and Society; at the Kennedy School’s cybersecurity program; at the Institute for Quantitative Social Science’s (IQSS) Data Privacy Lab; and also within the schools of medicine and public health (and at the affiliated hospitals), where researchers seek to protect patient data so that it can be shared appropriately, particularly in the case of rare conditions. Solutions to privacy and security problems thus involve computer scientists and legal scholars, as well as experts in healthcare, government, and business.

Security: “We Have Lost Control”Assuring the privacy of information means making it secure. Door locks, tall fences, and burglar alarms work well in the physical world. The problem, he explains, is that “in security, technology scales badly.” If a burglar gets past a lock to rob a single house in a community of 1. But anyone who finds a flaw in all digital locks could break into every home.

Advice like don’t have an email address, don’t use your credit card, is “moronic. You can’t be a fully functioning human being in the twenty- first century . The intrusion at the U. S. Office of Personnel and Management, disclosed in April 2. American intelligence agents posted abroad. The 2. 01. 6 digital break- in at the Democratic National Committee’s headquarters was like a modern iteration of Watergate, but initiated by a foreign power seeking to interfere in the presidential election. The stakes can become very high indeed.

He described how an unidentified entity had been probing the defenses of companies that provide critical Internet infrastructure, slowly ramping up repeated, carefully metered attacks, as if seeking to quantify precise points of failure. Although his best- selling book, Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World, has led to his reputation as a consumer- privacy- rights advocate, Schneier is also chief technology officer for Resilient, an IBM company that handles online incident response. He brings that security background to a new fellowship at the Kennedy School’s Cyber Security Project. The project focuses on policy research into the U. S. It also provides offensive cyber capabilities to commanders around the world in the event that hostilities break out (analogous to the access they have to air and sea power capabilities).

And it is responsible for defending the nation—including aviation, financial, and power- transmission systems—against a significant cyberattack. The structure of the Internet itself makes that defensive mission difficult.

Eviatar Matania, the head of Israel’s National Cyber Bureau, discussed that challenge last September at the Kennedy School. He noted that unlike the agricultural and industrial revolutions, the cyber revolution has both restructured society and created a space, “a new artificial domain.” Israel’s bureau was founded five years ago as a way to allow that small country to be “much bigger and stronger than in a physical domain,” Matania continued. But defending cyberspace is extremely difficult because it lacks both borders and distance. There are no clear boundaries between countries, and no clear divisions between corporate and government networks: “Everyone is connected to everyone.” That implies that the defense mission is expansive. Admiral Michael Rogers, director of the NSA and head of U. S. Cyber Command, said during an October visit to the Kennedy School that the unit increasingly finds itself “helping defend systems across the broader U.

S. These are big growth areas for us.” “The increased interconnectivity of the world we are living in . Download Lagu Baru Noah Band Jika Engkau Noah more.

Faculty > Emergency Medicine Residency Programs. William . He then trained in Emergency Medicine at Penn State University and Carolinas Medical Center, graduating in 1. After one year of private emergency medicine practice, he accepted an academic faculty position at Carolinas Medical Center. Russ was the first physician to complete a medical toxicology fellowship at Carolinas Medical Center in June 1.

Russ's professional goal is to promote the value of Emergency Medicine through the sub- specialty practice of Medical Toxicology. He directs the Medical Toxicology division of the Department of Emergency Medicine. Research endeavors have included new antidotes, cardiovascular toxins, decontamination, toxic alcohols, and crotaline snake envenomation. Professional efforts include national and international didactic presentations, journal and textbook contributions, emergency medicine and toxicology journal peer review, and service to the American College of Medical Toxicology (Board of Directors, Chair Research Committee, Education Committee, and Annual Scientific Meeting Planning Committee).