Barn swallow - Wikipedia. The barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) is the most widespread species of swallow in the world. It is found in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas. Four are strongly migratory, and their wintering grounds cover much of the Southern Hemisphere as far south as central Argentina, the Cape Province of South Africa, and northern Australia. It builds a cup nest from mud pellets in barns or similar structures and feeds on insects caught in flight.

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There are frequent cultural references to the barn swallow in literary and religious works due to both its living in close proximity to humans and its annual migration. It has a wingspan of 3. It has steel blue upperparts and a rufous forehead, chin and throat, which are separated from the off- white underparts by a broad dark blue breast band. The outer tail feathers are elongated, giving the distinctive deeply forked . There is a line of white spots across the outer end of the upper tail.

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The juvenile is browner and has a paler rufous face and whiter underparts. It also lacks the long tail streamers of the adult. Calls include witt or witt- witt and a loud splee- plink when excited (or trying to chase intruders away from the nest). This genus of blue- backed swallows is sometimes called the .

In Sweden she builds in barns, and is called ladusvala, the barn- swallow. The red- chested swallow is slightly smaller than its migratory relative, has a narrower blue breast- band, and the adult has shorter tail streamers. In flight, it looks paler underneath than barn swallow. In eastern Asia, a number of additional or alternative forms have been proposed, including saturata by Robert Ridgway in 1.

It migrates on a broad front to winter in Africa, Arabia, and the Indian subcontinent. It breeds in the Middle East from southern Turkey to Israel and is partially resident, though some birds winter in East Africa.

It has orange red underparts and a broken breast band. Breast chestnut and lower underparts more pink- buff. The east Asian breeders winter across tropical Asia from India and Sri Lanka. Increasing numbers are wintering in Australia. It hybridises with H.

It is thought that the two eastern Asia forms were once geographically separate, but the nest sites provided by expanding human habitation allowed the ranges to overlap. The tail is also longer. It breeds throughout North America, from Alaska to southern Mexico, and migrates to the Lesser Antilles, Costa Rica, Panama and South America to winter. This subspecies funnels through Central America on a narrow front and is therefore abundant on passage in the lowlands of both coasts. This swallow avoids heavily wooded or precipitous areas and densely built- up locations. The presence of accessible open structures such as barns, stables, or culverts to provide nesting sites, and exposed locations such as wires, roof ridges or bare branches for perching, are also important in the bird's selection of its breeding range.

Over much of its range, it avoids towns, and in Europe is replaced in urban areas by the house martin. Tony Northrup Stunning Digital Photography Pdf Free. However, in Honsh.

The barn swallow has been recorded as breeding in the more temperate parts of its winter range, such as the mountains of Thailand and in central Argentina. It is not a particularly fast flier, with a speed estimated at about 1.

However, in Europe, the barn swallow consumes fewer aphids than the house or sand martins. The timing of a clutch also determines the food given; later broods get food that is smaller in size compared to earlier broods.

This is because larger insects are too far away from the nest to be profitable in terms of energy expenditure. Reed beds are regularly favoured, with the birds swirling en masse before swooping low over the reeds. The breeding success of the male is related to the length of the tail streamers, with longer streamers being more attractive to the female.

In Denmark, the average male tail length increased by 9% between 1. In the northern part of the range, it usually starts late May to early June and ends the same time as the breeding season of the southernmost birds. It is constructed by both sexes, although more often by the female, with mud pellets collected in their beaks and lined with grasses, feathers, algae. Colony size tends to be larger in North America. Barn swallows will build their nest below an osprey nest, receiving protection from other birds of prey that are repelled by the exclusively fish- eating ospreys.

The ospreys are alerted to the presence of these predators by the alarm calls of the swallows. The female lays two to seven, but typically four or five, reddish- spotted white eggs.

In Europe, the female does almost all the incubation, but in North America the male may incubate up to 2. The incubation period is normally 1. The fledged young stay with, and are fed by, the parents for about a week after leaving the nest. Occasionally, first- year birds from the first brood will assist in feeding the second brood. Brood parasitism by cowbirds in North America or cuckoos in Eurasia is rare. Average mortality is 7. Although the record age is more than 1.

An experiment in manipulating brood size and immune system showed the vividness of the gape was positively correlated with T- cell–mediated immunocompetence, and that larger brood size and injection with an antigen led to a less vivid gape. These holes were suggested as being caused by avian lice such as Machaerilaemus malleus and Myrsidea rustica, although other studies suggest that they are mainly caused by species of Brueelia.

Several other species of lice have been described from barn swallow hosts, including Brueelia domestica and Philopterus microsomaticus. Falcon species confirmed as predators include the peregrine falcon. The species is evaluated as least concern on the 2. IUCN Red List. There have been local declines due to the use of DDT in Israel in the 1.

US in the 1. 9th century, and an ongoing gradual decline in numbers in parts of Europe and Asia due to agricultural intensification, reducing the availability of insect food. However, there has been an increase in the population in North America during the 2. Alberta. The roughly 2. Mount Moreland reed bed is a night roost for more than three million barn swallows, which represent 1% of the global population and 8% of the European breeding population. The reed bed lies on the flight path of aircraft using the proposed La Mercy airport, and there were fears that it would be cleared because the birds could threaten aircraft safety. Hot dry summers will reduce the availability of insect food for chicks. Conversely, warmer springs may lengthen the breeding season and result in more chicks, and the opportunity to use nest sites outside buildings in the north of the range might also lead to more offspring.

As one of the earlier migrants, this conspicuous species is also seen as an early sign of summer's approach. An early reference is in Virgil's Georgics (2. BC), . The proverb about the necessity for more than one piece of evidence goes back at least to Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics: . In his poem . Eliot quoted the line .

Shakespeare references the annual migration of the species in The Winter's Tale, Act 4: . A second swallow would be added after 1. Such an act might lead to cows giving bloody milk, or no milk at all, or to hens ceasing to lay. Survival, with suitable annual refurbishment, for 1. It is also represented as lacking feet as this was a common belief at the time. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

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